13+Days



 [|PERIOD 1] /  [|PERIOD 2]  /  [|PERIOD 3]  /  [|PERIOD 4]  /  [|PERIOD 6]

**October, 1962 - as close as the world will ever come to a nuclear World War III. What happened in those critical 13 days in October? Let's find out as you help President Kennedy make crucial decisions about the future of the United States ... and the world. In your group of advisors, log in to the chatroom for your period and cut and paste the material below into a new page on your Unit 8 notebook.**

I need some help from my advisors. Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev has taken an open and oppositional stand against the United States since taking over from Joseph Stalin in the 1950s. The Soviets have been brutal in Hungary, launched an ICBM, and shot down a U-2 plane (sure it was taking control of military installations, but that’s a different story). Khrushchev has stated that he will “bury” the US (loosely translated), he has repeatedly interrupted the United Nations with his shouting, and he has even taken off his shoe and banged it on a desk in the UN. I am a new President, and obviously the Bay of Pigs incident doesn’t help my international standing with anyone, especially Khrushchev. I know that Castro and Khrushchev have a very freindly relationship, but we have recently had a decent relationship with Cuba.

I have just seen pictures that show Russian missile launchers located on the island of Cuba, 90 miles from our border. The launchers could be fitted with nuclear warheads for offensive strikes on U.S. sites as far away as Montana. I need some help in deciding what we should do about these missiles in Cuba. I don’t think I can handle the pressure alone. There are many possible ideas - an air strike, an invasion of mainland Cuba, a naval blockade, a diplomatic protest in the United Nations, and other ideas. I know this decision will be extremely crucial for the safety of Americans and the world in general. What benefits and challenges do the options present, and which option should I take?
 * DAYS 1-3 Tuesday, October 16 to Thursday, October 18 **

**OUR RESPONSE AND REASON**

JFK, we find it necessary to conduct further investigation in order to verify the information that has been presented to us. Before invading Cuba or forming an air strike, we should attempt to handle the situation diplomatically to avoid hand to hand combat. This would be unnecessary, as we still do not know the specifics of the situations (such as how much time until they fire the missiles, find out where they are pointing etc.) Should this diplomacy fail, evacuate the areas in which the missiles are pointed to as much as possible, and inform citizens of the looming danger. If the missiles are indeed fired, we may invade as it is at that point where civilian lives are at risk, violating the fundamental laws of war.

**WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS**

They decide to have a naval quarantine, resembling a naval blockade, in which ships aren't allowed to enter the country.

The Washington press corps has found out that something strange and important is going on. We are working well into the night, and I had to leave a planned trip to Chicago due to “the flu” (wink wink). I have placed the military on full alert, and I have notified our allies that there is some serious trouble brewing with the Soviets. Congress, which is on recess, has been alerted and party leaders are becoming aware of the situation. Nearly 200,000 American troops have been moved to Key West, Florida - the largest invasion force ever assembled on American soil. The news is going to break sooner or later, so I need some more advice. Do I tell the public of the evidence of Soviet missiles in Cuba and the possibility that U.S. ships will be enforcing a quarantine of Cuba? How much do I tell them? Or should I just stay quiet?
 * DAY 4 - 7- Friday, October 19 to Monday, October 22 **

**OUR RESPONSE AND REASON**

Mr. President, you should inform the public regarding the rising dilemmas between America, the Soviet Union, and Cuba. However, do not divulge much of the information concerning the missiles. Avoid specifics with respect to the crisis but tell them that if action isn't taken, the resulting dangers could effect the entire nation. This will reduce the panic, while continuously keeping the citizens knowledgeable.

**WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS**

JFK tells the U.S. everything, saying that we are in direct danger. He enlists the naval blockade and places an ultimatum on the Soviet Union and calls out Khrushchev.

We have put the quarantine into effect and told the Soviet Union of our intentions to stop any and all Soviet ships from entering Cuba. Cuba has bulked up its military along the coasts in preparation for a possible invasion and called the U.S. a bully at the United Nations. Moscow is accusing the U.S. of piracy. A Soviet ship is approaching the quarantine line and attempts to break through the quarantine. What should we do about the oncoming ship, and why?
 * DAY 8 - 9 Tuesday, October 23 to Wednesday, October 24 **

**OUR RESPONSE AND REASON**

Shoot a flare to warn the ship that we are armed and will take action if they continue to approach the country. If the response is idle and they continue to come closer to the quarantine line, the only option we see fit is to respond with violence and bomb the ship. These actions are appropriate as at that point, they are aware that were are there and they denounced our presence.

**WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS**

They let one ship go through and all other Soviet ships stopped coming in.

We also have evidence that the Soviets are installing actual weapons that will be able to fire on the U.S. in a matter of days. My decision is now a matter of peace or war. Should I give the order to fire weapons on the existing missile sites, set an ultimatum for removal of the missiles, destroy Soviet ships in the Caribbean, send troops to Cuba, move nuclear subs toward the USSR, or attempt any further means of peaceful diplomacy? I need some help, EXCOMM!

**OUR RESPONSE AND REASON**

Set an ultimatum for the removal of the missiles, giving them the choice between whether firing their weapons and declaring war, or pulling out. Start with diplomacy, and then attack if we see fit.

**WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS**

They prepared for an air strike and invasion and waited.

Proceedings are becoming heated at the United Nations. Our delegate to the UN has openly challenged the Soviet Union about the missiles, without getting a desired response. Tensions remain high between the two countries. Nikita Khrushchev and the Soviets have made two offers - the first is to remove the missiles from Cuba in exchange for no American invasion of Cuba, and the second demands U.S. removal of missiles from Turkey in return for the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. What do you do in this situation - accept either of the offers, make a counter offer, or demand immediate removal or else troops and weapons will be deployed?
 * DAY 10-12- Thursday, October 25 to Saturday, October 27**

**OUR RESPONSE AND REASON** xxxxxxxxxxxx

**WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS** xxxxxxxxxxxxx

DAY 13 - Sunday, October 28 It’s over! Thanks for your help. We were close to a big problem, weren’t we? Hopefully we all learned something about decision making and not jumping to do something without considering all options! What did we learn from this crisis?

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